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ABSTRACT

Toca da Boa Vista, the longest known cave in the Southern Hemisphere with 84 km of mapped passages, is one of the most important speleological and palaeontological sites in Brazil. Together with the neighbouring caves of Toca da Barriguda, Toca do Calor de Cima, Toca do Pitú and Toca do Morrinho, they represent a geological site of global interest. Morphological, hydrochemical and isotopic evidence suggest that cave genesis was due to oxidation of sulphide within the Una Group dolomite bedrock. Toca da Boa Vista is the longest cave in the world known to have been generated by such a process. Radiometric dating of secondary carbonates and fossil bones have allowed the reconstruction of Quaternary palaeoclimate events in the area and suggest periods of increased precipitation at the last glacial maximum. Among the many fossil remains found in these caves, there are remarkably complete and well preserved skeletons of many extinct species, allowing a significant advance on the knowledge about these fossil groups. The remote and rural location of the caves reduces risk from anthropogenic activity, but some formal protection should be granted to the site in recognition to its exceptional technical and scientific value.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Toca da Boa Vista is at present (1999) the longest known cave in the Southern Hemisphere and 16th longest in the world, with 84 km of mapped passages. Together with the neighbouring Toca da Barriguda, presently the second longest cave in Brazil at 19.5 km and other related caves, Toca do Calor de Cima, Toca do Pitu and Toca do Morrinho, it comprises a site of major scientific importance. With the exception of Toca do Morrinho, these caves probably represent a unified cave system now bisected by collapses and later sedimentation. The hypogene sulphuric acid speleogenetic processes responsible for the development of these caves are relatively uncommon, and result in a distinctive morphology. Secondary carbonate precipitates (speleothems) within the caves have been dated and provide an important record of late Quaternary climatic change which suggest that more humid conditions were previously present in this now semi-arid area. This is complemented by a rich and remarkably well preserved fossil fauna.

 

 

 

 LOCATION

The Toca da Boa Vista is located in northern Bahia State, within the limits of the municipality of Campo Formoso (Fig. 1). Toca da Boa Vista (main entrance 10º09′45″S, 40º51′35″W) lies 11 km east from the small village of Laje dos Negros, the entrance being adjacent to the road that connects Laje dos Negros and Abreus. Toca da Barriguda (10º08′26″S, 40º51′08″W) and Toca do Calor de Cima (10º08′26″S, 40º50′55″W) are 2 km further to the east along the same road. Toca do Pitu (10º07′44″S, 40º50′18″W) is located in the same area, closer to the village of Barriguda. Toca do Morrinho (10º12′32″S, 40º55′05″W) lies a few kilometres south of Laje dos Negros, near the village of Casa Nova. The cave entrances are not easily located amidst the featureless local landscape, and help from locals is highly recommended. Visits to the site should be conducted with the help of experienced cavers, due to the complexity, dry atmosphere and lack of water in the caves.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mechanic arts is an obsolete and archaic term. In the 19th century, it referred to fields, some of which are now known as engineering. It was apparently an attempt to distinguish these fields from creative and artistic endeavors like the performing arts and the fine arts which were for the upper class of the time and the intelligentsia. It were also considered practical fields for those that did not come from good families. A related phrase, “useful arts,” probably encompassed the mechanic arts as well as craftsmanship in general.

The most famous usage of “mechanic arts” (and the one in which it is most commonly encountered today) is in the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act.

In the medieval period, the Seven Mechanical Arts were intended as a complement to the Seven Liberal Arts, and consisted of weaving, blacksmithing, war, navigation, agriculture, hunting, medicine, and the ars theatrica.

You may be cool, but you will never be dual wielding AK-47s open zipper cool.

One&Only Reethi Rah Resort, Maldives

One&Only Reethi Rah Resort: The Maldive Islands are a stunning destination which is perfect for relaxation because of the fact that the beautiful beaches offer plenty of activity on the water. However, you don’t have to leave the luxury of your resort to have a terrific water experience since this place has an amazing infinity pool that can caress your body into relaxation. The massive pool is shaded by tropical trees and leads right out into the ocean so you can go adventuring or just lounge around and relax. A poolside bar adds to the fun.

Wynn Hotel, Las Vegas

Wynn Hotel: There are several different pools to choose from at The Wynn and all of them are luxurious as you would expect from one of the best hotels in Las Vegas. But the best is the one that’s only designed for high-rollers. These people spend a lot of money in the poolside casino while topless women swim around to provide Vegas-style entertainment.

Banyan Tree Hotel, Seychelles

Banyan Tree Hotel: Another astounding infinity pool that stretches its way right to the beach is the one located at this hotel in the stunning island nation of Seychelles. It’s not often that you’re going to get to relax in the wonderful waters of a beautiful pool that overlooks the Indian Ocean just steps away so don’t neglect to take advantage of this opportunity if it ever comes along.

Four Seasons Resort Bali, Jimbaran Bay

Four Seasons Resort Bali: To get to the awe-inspiring infinity pool on the top floor of this resort hotel, you’re going to need to cross a wooden bridge. From the pool, you’ll be able to absorb the beauty of the surrounding Balinese jungle and over the beautiful Jimbaran Bay area.

Joule Hotel, Dallas

Joule Hotel: There have been rumours about this amazing hotel swimming pool for several years (originally under the name Elan Hotel) but the place hasn’t actually opened to the public yet. It is due to open this year and crowds are sure to flock to it for the chance to check out the amazing opportunity to swim in the pool, which is located ten stories up and literally hangs off of the edge of the building. The end of it is made from glass so you can essentially swim off the side of the hotel to get a view of Dallas.

Intercontinental Hotel, Hong Kong

Intercontinental Hotel: The ideal way to enjoy the pool at this hotel is to book yourself a stay in The Presidential Suite which is 7,000 square feet in size and includes a 2,500 square foot terrace where the private pool is located. However, there are multiple pools to choose from at this hotel and all of them are amazing. There’s a basic-but-beautiful outdoor pool inspired by the art of feng shui but what most people want to check out is the trio of infinity pools that are each heated to different temperatures to suit different people at different times.

Intercontinental Tahiti Resort, French Polynesia

Intercontinental Tahiti Resort: The only thing that can enhance the beauty of an already-idyllic location is a resort that has a truly beautiful pool that compliments and pays homage to the surrounding environment. If this part of the world could have gotten any better, it did so when the pools of this resort became an additional part of its landscape.

The Crater at Homestead Resort, Utah

The Crater at Homestead Resort: Utah is in the middle of the United States, nowhere near an ocean but you can enjoy all sorts of ocean-type activities (scuba diving, for example) in the underground pool at Homestead Resort. It’s a natural attraction formed from a limestone wall that’s filled with geothermal water. It’s healing, relaxing and totally amazing to experience.

Perivolas Hotel, Santorini

Perivolas Hotel: It is difficult to tell where the pool ends and the waters of the Aegean Sea begin since the infinity pool at this Santorini hotel appear to stretch all the way to the horizon. The accommodation here are designed to rejuvenate you completely, aided by what is widely considered to be one of the best hotel pools in the world. What an idyllic place to spend a holiday!

Gran Hotel Central, Barcelona

Gran Hotel Central, Barcelona: Many of the world’s infinity pools lead straight out into the ocean. This one is a totally urban infinity pool located on the rooftop of a hotel in the center of Barcelona. You’ll feel like you’re absolutely on top of the world at this place!

Six Senses Hideaway Zighy Bay, Oman

Six Senses Hideaway Zighy Bay: If you’ve never considered taking a trip to Oman then you probably didn’t know that you could stay a place as luxurious as this! Since it has only been open since in 2008, you could be among the first visitors to take advantage of the opportunity. There are seventy nine different pool villas so you can really retreat into relaxation in a private area all your own. Yes, you read that correctly. Seventy nine pools.

Think you get it on as much as a porn star? It may depend on where you live. According to a 2008 Durex sex survey, only 53% of Americans have sex once a week, while 55% of British and 59% of Canadians admit the same. Ouch. So, who is rocking the most beds in the world? Check out our top 10 list of the horniest countries to find out.

We’ve ranked these top 10 horniest countries in line with the same Durex survey rankings. So, the higher a country appears on the list, the more of its citizens are having sex — which means at least once a week. Just to make it on this list of top 10 horniest countries, three-quarters of a country has to be going at it regularly. Embarrassingly, Canada and the U.S. don’t make the cut. The good news: If you want to flee your sex-starved nation for these horny ones, we’ve given you pickup spots where you can start to improve your country’s rank.

 

No.10 - Mexico

Want to take a sexy siesta? Meet people of the sun and fun in our No. 10 horniest country. Mexicans kick off our list of boot-knocking peoples, and they start from an early age. In fact, in May of 2008 Mexico City’s government distributed 700,000 copies of sex-ed textbooks to deliver to the city’s student population, well aware that the kids would be doing the horizontal tango one way or another. And when it comes to sex south of the border, there’s always a way. While prostitution is generally illegal in Mexico, it is legal in select cities like Tijuana where sex worker zones are set up for your benefit.

Horny hangouts: A huge spring break getaway, Mexico’s resorts often melt into one giant pickup place. Here are some of the more notable places to go in this horny country: In Cancun, check out the popular bars — Senor Frogs, Daddy ‘O and Coco Bongo. In Acapulco try Palladium, a huge disco that overlooks several other bars, there’s also Baby Lobster Bar and Thai Bar, both of which have a reputation for hot girls. Visiting Cabo San Lucas? Then you definitely need to check out Squid Roe, a popular dance bar flowing with tequila. A few other Cabo San Lucas pickup options include The Zoo and Mango deck. If you’re in Puerto Vallarta check out The Zoo (another one) and El Hilo for hot Mexican nights. In Tijuana? Hit up Senor Frogs, Mundo Cafe or Safaris.

No.9 - Switzerland

Sure, they’re politically neutral, but the Swiss definitely have an opinion about sex. That opinion roughly translates to: “Gimme more.” Apart from their regular bedroom feats, prostitution is also legal in this horny country. Every year 350,000 Swiss pay their own way for pleasure. With this level of commitment it’s no wonder they made our list of top 10 horniest countries.

Horny hangouts: If you’re traveling in Zurich, you’ll want to check out this popular spot, the Hive Bar or even Ba Ba Lu for loud music and a lively crowd that’s sure to make your night one to remember.

No.8 - Spain

In the land of Latin love, sex is a foregone conclusion. Its traditional, sexually charged culture has even gone through a modern update. Recently, it’s been reported that Spanish men have turned to our modern-day Spanish fly, Viagra, to please their ladies longer — even if they are fully capable of the act without the pill. Of course, this little enhancement makes sure they meet their own expectations as well, proving that this is definitely one of the horniest countries around.

Horny hangouts: In Barcelona, visit the seaside club Baja Beach where plenty of women come to see and be seen. Your other bet for hot Spanish nights is Razzmatazz, which is a single club with five different clubs attached to it. Here to party? Ibiza’s got the answer: Just pick a bar, any bar, and you’ll do fine.

No.7 - Malaysia

In public, this country definitely appears conservative. For example, there was a recent controversy over whether sex education should be taught in high school or not — not exactly sexually liberated. However, behind closed doors lies (pun totally intended) the real story: Malaysians are swinging from the bedposts, and loving every minute of it. Occasionally we’ll get a glimpse of it - like when Malaysia’s Minister of Health was forced to step down after his homemade sex tapes made the rounds in January of 2008.

Horny hangouts: In Kuala Lumpur, check out these bars and clubs for a straightforward party: Aloha, Poppy Bar or the Rum Jungle. To “choose your own adventure” visit the Beach Club where there’s a good chance a girl comes at a price, but she’ll be worth every penny.

No.6 - Italy

Many Italians live la dolce vita with sex high on their list of things to do on a daily basis. A poll found that 32% of Italians over 60 years old have sex regularly. It’s unclear if this means seniors are schtupping around the clock or once a week. However, one thing’s clear; their frequency in the sack helped give this country a spot on our list of top 10 horniest countries.

Horny hangouts: Visiting Florence? Check out the Red Garter, a classic American-style bar with an international reputation as a pickup joint. Your second choice should be Moyo, a laid-back club whose volume lets you have a conversation. In Milan, good bets for passionate encounters are Propaganda, a huge nightclub, plus The Shocking Club, a club known for its crazier theme nights. And when in Rome, visit the Drunken Ship, a popular party bar, and don’t forget to do it as the Romans do it.

No. 5 - Poland

For a fairly conservative culture, Poland has earned a steamy reputation as one of the horniest countries out there. Poland has an annual Eroticon festival that showcases the latest and greatest sex toys and mechanisms in the adult industry. Even one of Poland’s politicians was caught in a sex scandal. However, the most obvious evidence of Poland’s hound-dog ways has to be the two Polish women who once held the world gangbang record, which they completed in their home country. Need we explain?

Horny hangouts: If you’re going to Warsaw, you’ll want to visit Organza, a club with a good share of women. Or for variety check out the two-floor bar Zoo; this bar features plenty of space to party or chat up women. Now Krakow: While you’re there go to Cien Klub, described as an institution it’s a big club with lots of girls. Krakow also features Frantic, another two-floor bar and the Goraczka Freak Club, not that kind of “freak,” but a good party place filled with ladies nonetheless.

No.4 - China

The more China’s Cultural Revolution thaws, the more its sexual revolution heats up. Want proof? Just in the past eight years, 5,000 sex shops have opened in Beijing alone. Plus, China even has a SEXPO, where Chinese residents come to check out sex paraphernalia. And with 70% of the world’s sex toys made in China, its horniest country status means that a good deal of their hard work won’t have to go very far.

Horny hangouts: If you’re visiting Shanghai, you need to check out these better-known spots: Bar Rouge, Zapata’s and Windows. If you’re in Beijing, you’ve got a few options: Visit the Sanlitun Lu District, often dubbed “bar street” for all its action. For the tried-and-true joints check out Bar Blu, Suzie Wong and Brown’s, all renowned meat markets. And for your seedier pick you need to head to Maggie’s, a popular nightclub known for its working girls.

No.3 - Russia

Was the Cold War’s biggest secret that the Russians were having more sex than we were? Since the fall of Communism it looks a lot more likely that it actually was. Russian’s libidos are inspiring them to fill tons of new Moscow clubs and bars where hookups are a nightly pastime in this horny country.

Horny hangouts: In Moscow, go to The Hungry Duck, a crazy bar that runs ladies’ nights with male strippers three times a week, then lets men in the door once the strippers are off stage. Sure, nothing is set in stone, but you’d have to try hard to miss this softball pickup pitch. Other Russian hot spots include Night Flight, where you can pick up Russian girls, and Propaganda, which is better-known for housing tourists rather than locals.
No.2 - Brazil

Considering this is the birthplace of the thong, it makes sense that sex is as essential as breathing in Brazil. This horny country’s beaches are filled with gorgeous women and during its annual Carnaval even the most stubborn inhibitions disappear and this destination proves its spot on our top 10 horniest countries list.

Horny hangouts: In Rio, definitely visit the Lapa district. It’s a huge party spot, filled with clubs and gyrating women. Other Rio options include the Nuth Bar, a two-story nightclub notorious as a pickup bar, plus Baronetti or Club Six. Up for more adventure? You can negotiate your price openly at Help.
No. 1 - Greece
This country has a long tradition of sex that dates back to ancient times — these are the guys that brought us pederasty and Sapphic love. With its temperate Mediterranean weather, beaches and tons of islands, Greece’s ingredients make it the No. 1 horniest country in the world.

Horny hangouts: Set aside some time, and plenty of protection, because there are a number of pickup spots throughout the islands and on the mainland. First, in Athens, try out Hoxton in the Gazi district, it’s a trendy bar where backpackers are known to hang out. For the islands, Corfu is renowned for its infamous pickup spot, The Pink Palace. And while on the island of Los, check out these bars: Kahlua, Slammer Bar or the Red Bull Bar. Finally, make sure to check out Mykonos, an island known for its partying. While in Mykonos, visit Paradise Beach club that’s set right on, you guessed it, a beach. Paradise Beach is a big hangout, where clothing has been known to occasionally disappear.

 This rare daytime look at our own moon and our neighbor Venus was captured when the moon was about to eclipse our twin planet.

Although it may look amazing (and implausible) the crescent of Venus can easily be seen with little more than a pair of binoculars.  A telescopic camera lens in addition to Venus’ close approach easily creates this amazing shot.

 click to enlarge

 

I’ve seen plenty of video game cakes in my time - but they pale in comparison to this amazingly detailed piece of 100% edible art. I think I’d feel guilty eating a piece. Click through for close-ups.